Martin Luther King Jr. The Nobel Peace Prize 1964

Biography

Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin. His grandfather began the family's long tenure as pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, serving from 1914 to 1931; his father has served from then until the present, and from 1960 until his death Martin Luther acted as co-pastor. Martin Luther attended segregated public schools in Georgia, graduating from high school at the age of fifteen; he received the B. A. degree in 1948 from Morehouse College, a distinguished Negro institution of Atlanta from which both his father and grandfather had graduated. After three years of theological study at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania where he was elected president of a predominantly white senior class, he was awarded the B.D. in 1951. With a fellowship won at Crozer, he enrolled in graduate studies at Boston University, completing his residence for the doctorate in 1953 and receiving the degree in 1955. In Boston he met and married Coretta Scott, a young woman of uncommon intellectual and artistic attainments. Two sons and two daughters were born into the family.


In 1954, Martin Luther King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Always a strong worker for civil rights for members of his race, King was, by this time, a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the leading organization of its kind in the nation. He was ready, then, early in December, 1955, to accept the leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent demonstration of contemporary times in the United States, the bus boycott described by Gunnar Jahn in his presentation speech in honor of the laureate. The boycott lasted 382 days. On December 21, 1956, after the Supreme Court of the United States had declared unconstitutional the laws requiring segregation on buses, Negroes and whites rode the buses as equals. During these days of boycott, King was arrested, his home was bombed, he was subjected to personal abuse, but at the same time he emerged as a Negro leader of the first rank.

In 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization formed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement. The ideals for this organization he took from Christianity; its operational techniques from Gandhi. In the eleven-year period between 1957 and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times, appearing wherever there was injustice, protest, and action; and meanwhile he wrote five books as well as numerous articles. In these years, he led a massive protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that caught the attention of the entire world, providing what he called a coalition of conscience. and inspiring his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", a manifesto of the Negro revolution; he planned the drives in Alabama for the registration of Negroes as voters; he directed the peaceful march on Washington, D.C., of 250,000 people to whom he delivered his address, "l Have a Dream", he conferred with President John F. Kennedy and campaigned for President Lyndon B. Johnson; he was arrested upwards of twenty times and assaulted at least four times; he was awarded five honorary degrees; was named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963; and became not only the symbolic leader of American blacks but also a world figure.

At the age of thirty-five, Martin Luther King, Jr., was the youngest man to have received the Nobel Peace Prize. When notified of his selection, he announced that he would turn over the prize money of $54,123 to the furtherance of the civil rights movement.

On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers of that city, he was assassinated.

Selected Bibliography

Adams, Russell, Great Negroes Past and Present, pp. 106-107. Chicago, Afro-Am Publishing Co., 1963.

Bennett, Lerone, Jr., What Manner of Man: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Chicago, Johnson, 1964.

I Have a Dream: The Story of Martin Luther King in Text and Pictures. New York, Time Life Books, 1968.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., The Measure of a Man. Philadelphia. The Christian Education Press, 1959. Two devotional addresses.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Strength to Love. New York, Harper & Row, 1963. Sixteen sermons and one essay entitled "Pilgrimage to Nonviolence."

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Stride toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. New York, Harper, 1958.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., The Trumpet of Conscience. New York, Harper & Row, 1968.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? New York, Harper & Row, 1967.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Why We Can't Wait. New York, Harper & Row, 1963.

"Man of the Year", Time, 83 (January 3, 1964) 13-16; 25-27.

"Martin Luther King, Jr.", in Current Biography Yearbook 1965, ed. by Charles Moritz, pp. 220-223. New York, H.W. Wilson.

Reddick, Lawrence D., Crusader without Violence: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York, Harper, 1959.

From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1951-1970, Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

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Who Will Challenge Federer in the 2010 Australian Open?

Last year the rumbling doubts about Roger Federer began to stir just under the surface. Rafa Nadal’s successful 2008 season elevated him to the top spot on the Men’s Tour.

There were rumors that the great Roger Federer was considering retirement. When Nadal captured the 2009 Australian Open in five stirring sets from Federer, Roger seemed to run out of steam, losing the final set 6-2.

In defeat, Federer showed unusual emotion. Rafael Nadal just seemed too much for the 27 year old Swiss star. As great players do, Federer stayed the course, steadied the ship and committed himself to winning more Grand Slam tournaments that any player in history.

By the end of 2009, Roger had surpassed Pete Sampras and possessed 15 Grand Slam titles and remarkably has reached the semi-finals in the last 22 major tournaments. That is a record that may never be toppled.

Not only did the star regain his number one ranking but also fellow players often seemed in awe of his prowess.

Federer’s game seems perfectly suited for the grueling two-week format that is the standard of the Grand Slams. While other players wilt under the heat, media glare and fan excitement, Roger remains calm, collected and focused.

There is no reason to think that Federer will not collect more Grand Slam titles in 2010. The real question is, who will take the titles away.

Del Potro to Win in Melbourne

The most likely heir to the throne appears to be the lean and mean Argentine Juan Martin Del Potro. Coming off a hot season where the 6’ 6” hard server won more than $4.7 million and won a career-high 54 matches against just 16 losses, Juan Martin proved that he can play on center court. His dominant play in the 2009 U.S. Open where he cruised past Federer in the finals raised his confidence. He continued his determined play and knocked Federer off again in the year final tour event.

All three of Del Potro’s 2009 championships were earned on hard courts. Toward the end of 2009, Juan Martin seemed more comfortable on the big stage. In the U.S. Open finals he carried the play and refused to be intimidated by Federer’s presence. In the wake of the signature win, we think the five seed will be ready to handle the field, knock off Murray in the quarters and Federer in the semis before edging past Nadal in the finals in Australia.

Nadal Will Reach Finals

Rafa Nadal entered 2009 on top of the world and atop the tennis rankings. After proving his abilities on hard surfaces as well as on the clay of Paris, Nadal certainly deserved his number one ranking. Following his defeat of Federer in the Aussie finals, the sky seemed the limit for the competitive Spaniard.

Nadal is the type player that ties other competitors in knots. He is the consummate retriever and his left-handed ground strokes provide disconcerting spin. Nadal is a shotmaker with unsurpassed skills. The question fro Nadal remains the condition of his flimsy knees.

As disappointing as 2009 was for Nadal, he still earned more than $6 million and compiled an impressive 66-14 won-lost record. This stallion is far from dead but Del Potro brings too big a game to the table in the finals.

Djokovic and Murray Struggle

3rd seeded Novak Djokovic won the Australian Open in 2008. His impressive 78 –19 won-lost record in 2009 surpassed his Grand Slam performances. In fact his performances in majors is puzzling. The Serb seems to lack intensity and the two-week format wears on him. Many competitors and fans question Djokovic’s heart. When things go poorly for Novak, he seems unable to reverse the slide. He reached only one semi-final in Grand Slams in 2009 and will most likely disappoint again this year.

Andy Murray is in the same boat. Murray sports a robust 66 –11 2009 record. Like Djokovic, he only reached one Major semi-final. Murray appears overwhelmed on the big stage. He is tough on himself and over a two-week event, he is unable to sustain a positive, winning disposition. There are many more determined players on the tour. Murray is now regarded as soft in the big tournaments.

Nikolay Davydenko Surprises

The 28-year old Ukrainian had a disappointing Grand Slam year, but finished the WTA season in strong fashion. After winning the final tour event of 2009, Davydenko might be able to sustain the momentum and carry forward. His final victory over Del Potro was pretty convincing.

Nikolay earned more than $3.6 million in 2009 and had 55 tour victories. His major performances have been sub-par during his career. Perhaps his newfound maturity will translate to major wins.

Monfils on Cusp

Gael Monfils is a longshot but his flamboyant style dazzles crowds and competitors alike. The speedy Frenchman fills the stands and can play with anyone on the tour. Thus far, his inability to sustain a two-week effort has been his downfall. No matter where he is in the draw, Monfils is a player other players do not want to see in their bracket.

Hats Off To Soderling

25-year old Robin Soderling had his best tour year yet. He performed well in the majors, reaching the finals in Paris, the 4th round at Wimbledon and the quarters in New York. We expect Soderling to pull upsets. Soderling definitely has the game to overcome either Djokovic or Murray. If positioned properly, the 8 seed might start the year quickly. Soderling climbed 5 notches in the rankings last year. Look for him to move up more in 2010. With the luck of the draw, he could well reach the semis in Melbourne

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Australian open 2010

The Men’s and Women’s Championship Draw for the 2010 Australian Open will not be posted until Friday. The two week schedule of play begins January 18th. The tension is mounting. A look at the bookmaker’s early odds for both draws provides some luscious surprises. Change is expected, indeed overdue. 2010 shapes up to be an exciting year of transition and should be the most exciting season in many years.

The Hot Men

Roger Federer – the top seed and bookmaker favorite at 11/4. Hard to bet against a 15-time Grand Slam Champion who relishes the two-week media pressure, but the time may have come. Roger lost in a grueling 5-set final to Rafa Nadal last year. He will be disappointed again this year and may not escape the semis.

Rafa Nadal – second seed with bookmakers too! At 7/2, a solid play. Had moments of pure brilliance last weekend and declared his readiness. Knees and abdomen appear healthy and the Spaniard can still track everything down. Not a bad play, but an unlikely winner this year.

Andy Murray – at 9/2, the Brit has a lot to prove in Grand slam play. Hard to bet on this guy until he wins a big one. With Del Potro in the wings, Andy Murray may not survive the quarters this time around.

Juan Martin Del Potro – This year’s champion will have to earn it. Most likely he will have to play through Murray, Federer and Nadal or Davydenko. We like his confidence level and he is now a proven Grand Slam Champ. At 5-1, Juan martin looks like a smart play.

Novak Djokovic – More disappointment for the former Serbian champ. Everything feels wrong for the hard-hitting 2008 winner. Notoriously a slow starter and notoriously unable to overcome adversity, it will haunt him again this year. At 11/2 leave him alone.

Nikolay Davydenko – The tour’s hottest player and most likely sixth seed, the Russian boots Novak Djokovic and Nadal before succumbing to Del Potro. A smart play at 7/1. Odds may go lower so move fast. Has beaten both Federer and Nadal in successive tourneys.

Luke Warm Men

Andy Roddick – a winner in his first tourney this year and 2009 Wimbledon runner-up, he seems recovered from late season woes. Faltered at key points in last week’s win. 20/1 is a lot but he cannot win. Will struggle to hold his seed.

Robin Soderling – has been hot but poor outing last week. Seems to rally for big events but at 25/1, not looking good. Most likely 8 seed will face nemeses Federer in quarters. Good luck!

Fernando Verdasco – played great last year and should have defeated rival Nadal. Just didn‘t know he could win. Still harbors some doubt. Needs a big win. Unlikely champ at 50/1.

Cold, Cold, Cold

Jo-Wilfried Tsonga – might be conditioning issues but seems heavy and unable to keep pace. At one time looked like the real deal but don’t even like the play at 25/1.

Gael Monfils – has WOW power but not consistency. May do better than expected but no way to finals, much less championship. At 100/1, not interested.

James Blake – may be playing more and more doubles. Even a 200/1, he seems uncompetitive.

The Long, Long Shot

John Isner – strong in U.S. Open last season. Big serve, big game, young legs. Showed no nerves. Worth a small play at 200/1.

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Donald Trump and Omarosa to Work Together?

Are Donald Trump and former feisty "The Apprentice" contestant Omarosa Manigault Stallworth planning to work together again?

The Associated Press reports that Trump is partnering up with the TV One network on a dating series starring the reality TV star.

The series, dubbed "Omarosa's Ultimate Merger," will consist of eight episodes and will follow her quest to find love among a dozen bachelors, says the AP.

The show is scheduled to air on TV One next spring.

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Japanese Body Pillow Pictures Samples

Here we have a different something for the bed, and i mean something. It has been a hit in the japanese market, and might be with us here too. HEre is the Japanese Body Pillow, Get to see pictures and samples of these Japanese Body Pillow. From the word itself, Its a pillow with a image of a body. Either you but in a hot anime clad girl as your Japanese Body Pillow, or you can put on a real image of someone you want to have bed with as your pillow. You guys can check out below samples and pictures on this Japanese Body Pillow.

If you are looking for some other designs you can check out the link right below. THis is an innovation when it comes to motivtions for sleep. We sleep in a place where we are really comfortable, who wouldnt when you have these pillows by your side. you might not like animeJapanese Body Pillow , but you can always put someone else. Making Pillow lovers, love their pillows even more. Get to see more on this Japanese Body Pillow Pictures and samples.

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Preliminary Earthquake Report

Magnitude 4.8 HAITI REGION
Thursday, January 14, 2010 at 12:39:04 UTC

Magnitude	4.8
Date-Time	Thursday, January 14, 2010 at 12:39:04 (UTC) - Coordinated Universal Time Thursday, January 14, 2010 at 07:39:04 AM local time at epicenter Time of Earthquake in other Time Zones
Location	18.42N 72.78W
Depth	10.0 kilometers
Region	HAITI REGION
Distances	50 km (30 miles) WSW of PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti 105 km (65 miles) E of Les Cayes, Haiti 160 km (100 miles) SSW of Cap-Haitien, Haiti 1110 km (690 miles) SE of Miami, Florida
Location Uncertainty	Error estimate: horizontal +/- 8.7 km; depth fixed by location program
Parameters	Nst=103, Nph=103, Dmin=383.4 km, Rmss=1.40 sec, Erho=8.7 km, Erzz=0 km, Gp=81.8 degrees
Source	USGS NEIC (WDCS-D)
Event ID	us2010rla4

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New technology speeds donations for Haiti relief efforts

New and easier ways to contribute have helped propel donations for Haiti earthquake relief efforts despite a weak economy, according to officials at a number of aid organizations, some of whom marveled at the volume of donations tweeted and texted from cellphones.

On Thursday, the American Red Cross had received more than $35 million since Tuesday night's earthquake, a record for the organization in a 48-hour period, an official said. That included more than $5 million through text messages, an amount that eclipsed the previous total for a campaign using that technology.

"I think it's an incredible story," said Rachel Wolff of World Vision, which had raised several million dollars. "It's unprecedented giving in a recession."

Other aid agencies said that they were not expecting to match the outpouring of contributions that followed large-scale disasters such as the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, but that they were pleased with the volume so far. Some said that the number of gifts was higher but that the amounts were smaller, perhaps because of the economy or because charities have made it easy to give small donations of $5 or $10.

Although it's too early to do more than estimate the dollar amounts, aid officials agreed that for a variety of reasons -- including the extent of the devastation, the depth of poverty in Haiti before the earthquake, the proximity of the country to the United States and the large number of Haitians with family members who live here -- Americans have responded with swift generosity.

"You would not have any idea that we're in this economy," said Stephanie Kurzina, a vice president at Oxfam America.

The totals do not include the $100 million committed by the World Bank and another $100 million pledged by the United States.

In the first five days after Katrina and the tsunami, more than $200 million was donated to victims of each disaster, said Patrick Rooney, executive director of the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University. Within a year, a total of nearly $2 billion was donated to tsunami victims, and $6.5 billion was given for Gulf Coast hurricane victims.

Gifts have come in a variety of forms -- huge checks, micro-donations, new ideas and old shoes. A 12-year-old Alexandria girl pooled the $19 that she, her younger brother and a neighbor had saved from raking leaves and donated it to earthquake relief. Ted Turner gave $1 million through his foundation. The J. Willard and Alice S. Marriott Foundation is giving $500,000 to the Red Cross Haiti Relief and Development Fund.

In the past two days, 11,0000 people have joined Oxfam America, an organization that fights poverty and famine worldwide.

New technology has made giving easier than ever. Hundreds of thousands of people have donated by text-messaging. By texting a code word such as "Haiti" to a designated number, people can donate $5 or $10 that will be added to their phone bills.

A big chunk of GlobalGiving's donations came though Twitter. Oxfam America officials were surprised by the volume of money it received through Facebook.

Celebrities including Ashton Kutcher, Lenny Kravitz, Oprah Winfrey and Coldplay's lead singer, Chris Martin, urged people to give, with messages that spread through social networking sites.

The viral pace of donations via text showed no signs of slowing Thursday, said Jim Manus, chief executive of Mobile Giving, which announced that more than $4.5 million had been raised by that means alone as of Thursday evening.

Haitian American musician Wyclef Jean's Yele Haiti Foundation, for example, was receiving 10,000 texts an hour. Large organizations such as the William J. Clinton Foundation were launching text campaigns late in the day.

The more traditional ways of helping continued, too. People wrote checks, boxed up rations in basements and passed collection baskets at churches. American Eagle flew the first of several 30,000-pound shipments of supplies including water, food, soap and diapers, and its parent company, AMR Corp., encouraged customers to give to the American Red Cross by offering frequent-flier miles. A hip-hop event at a P Street lounge turned into a Haiti benefit.

The FBI and some watchdog groups warned donors to be careful of potential scams. Web sites popped up overnight, and false text-messaging codes proliferated. Web sites such as Charity Navigator offered lists of organizations with low overhead costs and a proven commitment to Haiti.

Officials at several relief agencies expressed concern that, despite the short-term blitz of texts and tweets, once the immediate crisis has passed, the state of the U.S. economy will prevent donors from continuing to give.

"Haiti, even in the best of times, is in really dire shape. The needs, both short-term and long-term, are huge," said Jeremy Barnicle of Mercy Corps. "Will there be the will, long term, to rebuild?"

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